Pharaoh

Pharaoh (/ˈfɛəroʊ/, US also /ˈfeɪ.roʊ/; Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ;[note 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה‎ Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BC. However, regardless of gender, "king" was the term used most frequently by the ancient Egyptians for their monarchs through the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom. The earliest confirmed instances of "pharaoh" used contemporaneously for a ruler were a letter to Akhenaten (reigned c. 1353–1336 BC) or an inscription possibly referring to Thutmose III (c. 1479–1425 BC).

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What we know

office held

office held	Amenhotep II Egypt ^↓
office held	Thutmose III Egypt 1479-1426 BC ^↓
office held	Amasis II Egypt 570-526 BC ^↓
office held	Hatshepsut Egypt 1473-1458 BC ^↓
office held	Ramesses III ^↓ Egypt ^↓ 1187-1156 BC

Sources & Mentions

Herausgeber der Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2008. "Amenhotep II". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amenhotep-II
Margaret Stefana Drower (1911-2012) & Peter FitzGerald Dorman (1948-). s.a. "Thutmose III". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thutmose-III
Herausgeber der Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2014. "Amasis". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amasis
Joyce Tyldesley (1960-). 2019. "Hatshepsut". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hatshepsut
Herausgeber der Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2015. "Ramses III". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramses-III

Objects and visualizations

Relations to time periods

Time of action
-1479 - -1426

Time of action
-570 - -526

Time of action
-1473 - -1458

Time of action
-1187 - -1156

-1480 -525

Show relations to time periods

[Last update: 2023/08/26]